Universal Layered Testing Strategy

Description

This Skill generates a complete layered testing strategy based on project type (Backend+APP / Backend+WEB / Backend+APP+Embedded), including test layer architecture, scenario adaptation matrices, code templates, and CI/CD configuration.

Core philosophy: "Quality is built in, not tested in."

Two Key Principles

1. Shift Left: Developers write L1/L2 tests during coding — the earlier bugs are found, the lower the fix cost
2. Push Down: If it can be tested at L1, don't leave it for L2; if it can be tested at L2, don't leave it for L3

Ideal Test Pyramid Proportions

• L1 (Unit): ~70% — Millisecond feedback (includes interface contract / schema contract)
• L2 (Integration): ~20% — Minute-level feedback (single service + real middleware)
• L3 (E2E): ~10% — Hour-level feedback (cross-service full chain, including third-party APIs)
  • L3-k8s: L3 sub-layer, requires K8s/minikube environment
• L4 (UAT): <1% — Staging acceptance

Rules

1. Layering must be complete: Every project must define the test scope and tools for each L1-L4 layer
2. Coverage gates: L1 coverage ≥ 80%, core logic libraries ≥ 90%
3. Mock isolation: L1 tests must mock all external dependencies (DB/network/HAL/filesystem)
4. Test case ID convention: All cases follow the L{layer}-<MODULE>-NNN format
5. TDD debugging: Bug fixes must start with a reproduction test case — manual browser debugging is prohibited
6. CI quality gates: L1 + L2-1 must pass 100% on every commit
7. Requirements traceability: A User Story → Test Case traceability matrix must be established
8. L3/L4 black-box testing: L3 and L4 must be end-to-end black-box tests — the test client (Playwright/Appium/real device) interacts directly with the user interface. Intercepting, mocking, or bypassing any internal component at intermediate layers is prohibited. The only exception is uncontrollable external third-party services, which may use stub replacements
9. Test scenario data management: Each test scenario must be loadable via make mock-scenario or equivalent commands for controlled, repeatable input

---

Step 1: Identify Project Type

Ask or auto-detect which scenario the project belongs to and determine the tech stack:

Scenario	Typical Tech Stack	Special Focus
Backend+APP	Go/Java + Flutter/RN	App UI testing, API contracts, push notifications
Backend+WEB	Go/Java + React/Vue	Browser compatibility, SEO, SSR
Backend+APP+Embedded	Go/Java + Flutter + C/C++ (Bazel)	HAL abstraction, Wasm simulation, Digital Twin, Software Update

---

Step 2: Generate Layered Test Architecture

2.1 Universal Four-Layer Architecture (L1-L4)

graph BT
    L1["L1: Unit Test"] --> L2["L2: Single-Service Integration"]
    L2 --> L3["L3: Cross-Service E2E"]
    L3 --> L4["L4: User Acceptance Test"]

2.2 L1 — Unit Test

Goal: Verify the logical correctness of the smallest code unit (function/class/state machine). Includes interface contract and schema contract (validation without I/O dependencies).

Project Type	Test Target	Tools	Focus
Backend	Service/Repository/Domain logic + API Schema	Go Test / JUnit / pytest	Business rules, boundary conditions, interface contracts
APP (Flutter)	Widget/BLoC/Provider logic	flutter_test	State management, data transformation
APP (RN)	Component/Hook logic	Jest	State management, data transformation
WEB	Components/Hooks/Store	Vitest / Jest	Rendering logic, state management
Embedded	Cluster logic, FSM, algorithms	GTest + Mock HAL	State transitions, HAL interactions, memory safety

L1 Writing Standards:

• Mock all external dependencies (DB/network/HAL/filesystem)
• Cover: normal path / boundary conditions / error handling / state transitions
• Target coverage ≥ 80% (core logic libraries ≥ 90%)
• Millisecond execution as real-time development feedback
• L1 does not need to be listed case-by-case in the test plan document (co-located with code, pytest auto-discovers)

2.3 L2 — Single-Service Integration Test

Goal: Verify module collaboration within a single service boundary, using real middleware (DB/Redis/MQ/Vault, etc.) but without crossing service boundaries.

Project Type	Test Target	Tools
Backend	Service <-> DB/Redis/Kafka	Docker Compose / Testcontainers
APP	App <-> Mock Server	Integration Test + Mock Server
WEB	Frontend <-> Mock API	MSW / Vitest
Embedded	Device + HAL (Wasm)	Vitest Browser (Digital Twin)

2.4 L3 — Cross-Service E2E (End-to-End)

Goal: Verify the complete chain across multiple independent services, including real third-party APIs.

Project Type	Test Target	Tools
Backend+APP	App → API → DB → Push	Appium / Flutter Integration Test
Backend+WEB	Browser → API → DB → SSE	Playwright / Cypress
Backend+APP+Embedded	App → Cloud → Hub(Wasm) → HAL	Simulator + Vitest Browser + Playwright

Black-box principle: L3 tests are from the user's perspective — the test client (browser/App) → frontend → backend → database full-chain connectivity. Intercepting or mocking at any intermediate layer is prohibited. The only exception is uncontrollable real third-party services (e.g., payment gateways), which may use stub services, but internal components must not be mocked.

L3-k8s sub-layer (optional): When test scenarios depend on the K8s environment (e.g., Pod scheduling, Spot Recovery), mark as L3-k8s. Use L3 (no K8s) for daily development; use L3-k8s for Nightly/Pre-release.

2.5 L4 — User Acceptance Test (UAT)

L4 is not entirely manual: Automation is primary; only scenarios requiring real third-party client interaction retain manual testing.

Type	Design Principle	Execution Method	Scenario Example
L4-Auto	Acceptance criteria are quantifiable: has input and expected output	make test-l4-uat (automated, Staging environment)	API Roundtrip, Memory persistence, approval workflows
L4-Manual	Requires real third-party client visual verification	QA manual testing in real environment	Feishu Card UI rendering, message delivery visual check

• Owner: QA team / PM
• Environment: Real Staging (real DB/Letta/external services, not Mock)
• Focus: User experience, extreme network conditions, real third-party service interaction
• LLM path: Assert structure and side effects; do not assert specific LLM output text

2.6 Cross-Layer Test Suites: Smoke / Regression / UAT

These three suites are not new test layers — they are run suites formed by tagging (markers) existing L1-L4 test cases.

Suite	Meaning	Case Source	Run Command	Timing
Smoke	Quick validation of the most critical paths (system is alive)	A few key L3 cases tagged with @smoke	make smoke	Run immediately after deployment
Regression	Full regression verifying historical features are not broken	All L1+L2+L3 cases	make regression	Before PR merge / CI quality gate
UAT-Auto	Business acceptance automation (Staging real environment)	Quantifiable portion of L4 cases	make test-l4-uat	Before release / Release Tag

Key principles:

• Smoke cases = Add @pytest.mark.smoke to existing L3 critical-path cases — do not create new test files
• A single case can have multiple markers, e.g., @pytest.mark.smoke + @pytest.mark.l3
• Criteria for selecting smoke cases: The user's most common critical paths, the system's only irreplaceable entry points
• Smoke cases must be fast (all pass in < 5 min); otherwise, move them to regular test-l3

# Example: A case belonging to both l3 and smoke
@pytest.mark.l3
@pytest.mark.smoke
async def test_completions_roundtrip(...):
    """L3-COMP-001: The most critical E2E case."""
    ...

# Example: L4 Auto case — Staging environment, does not assert specific text
@pytest.mark.l4
async def test_agent_memory_persists(letta_client):
    """L4-MS-001: Agent remembers user preferences across conversations."""
    archival = await letta_client.archival_memory_search(agent_id, keyword)
    assert len(archival.items) > 0   # Having content is sufficient

---

Step 3: Scenario Adaptation Matrix

Based on project type, determine required / recommended / optional for each layer:

Scenario A: Backend + APP

Layer	Status	Focus
L1 (Unit)	Required	Backend business logic + App state management
L2-1 (Interface)	Required	API contracts (OpenAPI/Protobuf)
L2-2 (Integration)	Required	Backend service + DB/MQ integration
L2-3 (E2E)	Required	App → API full chain
L2-4 (Playground)	Recommended	Swagger UI + Mock environment
L3-1 (Contract)	Recommended	Frontend-backend API contracts
L3-2 (Cross-System)	Optional	Multi-subsystem coordination
L4 (UAT)	Required	Real device testing + App Store review process

Special focus areas:

• End-to-end push notification verification (APNs/FCM)
• Multi-device login / token refresh race conditions
• App cold start / warm start performance
• Offline mode & data sync

Scenario B: Backend + WEB

Layer	Status	Focus
L1 (Unit)	Required	Backend business logic + Frontend components/Store
L2-1 (Interface)	Required	API contracts + Component Props interface
L2-2 (Integration)	Required	Backend service integration + Frontend API layer
L2-3 (E2E)	Required	Browser → API full chain (Playwright)
L2-4 (Playground)	Recommended	Storybook + Staging environment
L3-1 (Contract)	Recommended	Frontend-backend API change compatibility
L3-2 (Cross-System)	Optional	Multi-subsystem coordination
L4 (UAT)	Recommended	Real browser testing

Special focus areas:

• Browser compatibility (Chrome/Firefox/Safari)
• Responsive layout (Mobile/Tablet/Desktop)
• SSR/SSG hydration consistency
• Accessibility (a11y)
• SEO verification

Scenario C: Backend + APP + Embedded

Layer	Status	Focus
L1 (Unit)	Required	Backend + App + Cluster/FSM/algorithms
L2-1 (Interface)	Required	API contracts + C ABI + AxData protocol
L2-2 (Integration)	Required	Backend integration + Device Wasm integration (Digital Twin)
L2-3 (E2E)	Required	App → Cloud → Hub(Wasm) → HAL full chain
L2-4 (Playground)	Required	Web Simulator
L3-1 (Contract)	Required	Device/cloud/edge protocol contracts
L3-2 (Cross-System)	Recommended	Multi-subsystem coordination (Security <-> AI <-> Push)
L4 (UAT)	Required	Real hardware + Real App + Real cloud

Special focus areas:

• HAL abstraction: All hardware operations through HAL interfaces, Bazel select switches at build time
• Wasm simulation fidelity: Digital Twin behavioral consistency with real hardware
• Memory safety: ASan/TSan/Valgrind verification (resource-constrained platforms)
• Software Update: Version upgrade/downgrade/interrupted recovery verification
• Network disruption resilience: Local autonomy capability when nodes are offline
• D2D communication: Device-to-device direct interaction verification

---

Step 4: Generate Test Plan Documentation

Document Directory Structure

docs/testing/
├── strategy.md                   # Test plan overview (SSOT, ≤400 lines)
└── scenarios/                    # Scenario matrices (split when strategy.md is too long)
    ├── ep1-<epic-name>.md        # By Epic (product perspective): User Story → AC scenario traceability
    ├── ep2-<epic-name>.md
    ├── tech-<module>.md          # By technical module (developer perspective): service/component traceability
    └── tech-nfr.md               # NFR degradation/fault tolerance

Epic files are for product/QA audiences (organized by User Story); technical files are for developers (organized by module). Both file types share the same set of case IDs for bidirectional traceability.

strategy.md Template

# <Project Name> Test Plan

## 1. Test Layer Overview

| Layer | Case Count | Test Goal | Real Dependencies | Mock Dependencies | Real Infra | Mock Infra | Execution Timing | Duration | Code Location |
|------|-------|---------|---------|----------|-----------|-----------|---------|------|---------|

> 10-column standard table — real dependencies vs mock dependencies is the core decision basis for layering.

### 1.1 Layering Logic

| Layer | Core Problem Solved | Why the Layer Above Is Insufficient |
|------|-------------|--------------|

> L2 vs L3 boundary: L2 = single application, no external dependencies (all mocked); L3 = real dependency integration.

### 1.2 Shift-Left Principle

| Verification Point | First Appearing Layer | Notes |
|--------|-------------|------|

Prohibited anti-patterns:
- No verifying logic at L3 that should be covered at L1
- No omitting L3 User Story AC cases just because "L1/L2 already tested it"

## 2. Mock Infrastructure (SSOT)

Mock infrastructure is managed by the `mock-engine` skill (start/stop mock services, load test data, create test scenarios).

[mock directory structure + WireMock per-layer switching strategy table]

| External System | L2 Handling | L3 Handling |
|---------|-----------|-----------|

## 3. L2 Integration Tests

> L1 unit tests co-exist with code and are not listed case-by-case in this plan.

Detailed cases in [scenarios/tech-<module>.md].

## 4. L3 E2E Tests (Black-Box)

> Test client interacts through the user interface — **no intermediate layer interception**.

Detailed cases in [scenarios/ep*.md] (by User Story) and [scenarios/tech-*.md] (by module).

## 5. L4 Acceptance Criteria

| Acceptance Item | User Story | Execution Method | Pass Criteria |
|--------|----|---------|----|

## 6. Requirements Traceability Matrix

| User Story | L1 | L2-1 | L2-2 | L3-1 | L3-2 | L4 |
|------------|----|------|------|------|------|-----|

> Each column is filled with specific case IDs. L1 lists covered logic points (co-exists with code, no case IDs).

## 7. Test Scenario Data

| Scenario Name | Purpose | DB Initial State | Covered Cases |
|--------------|------|-----------|---------|

> Each Scenario = DB seed data + Mock stub configuration. Switch with `make mock-scenario SCENARIO=<name>`.

## 8. CI/CD Automation Pipeline + Quality Gates

| Gate | Checkpoint | Criteria |
|------|-------|------|

Scenario File Template (scenarios/*.md)

Epic files and technical files share the AC-level traceability table:

## US-TP-01 Device Card Badge

| AC Scenario | Smoke | L1 | L2-1 | L2-2 | L3-1 | L3-2 | L4 |
|---------|-------|----|------|------|------|------|-----|
| Show locked badge when unsubscribed | fire | TestClass | CONTRACT-001 | EVAL-001 | FG01-001 | TP01-001 | pass |

Fixed 8 columns. Each cell is filled with a specific case ID; use - when not covered. fire = smoke case. Complete real-world example: See references/engagement-example.md (includes directory structure, table format, mock architecture, semantics annotation conventions, etc.).

---

Step 5: Write Test Code

5.1 Test Case ID Convention

• L1: L1-<MODULE>-NNN (e.g., L1-AUTH-001)
• L2: L2-<MODULE>-NNN (e.g., L2-CRED-001)
• L3: L3-<FLOW>-NNN (e.g., L3-COMP-001)
• L3-k8s: L3k8s-<FLOW>-NNN
• L4: L4-<FLOW>-NNN

5.2 Universal Test Templates

Code templates for each tech stack are in references/code-templates.md (Go / Java / Flutter / React / C++ / Playwright / Flutter Web+Playwright / Wasm Digital Twin).

5.3 Key Test Patterns

Promise Resolver Pattern (Async Verification)

// Correct: event-driven
await waitFor(() => shadowUpdates.get("panel_status") === "armed_away");

// Wrong: never use setTimeout
await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 3000));

Embedded-specific patterns (State-Wait, Forced Cycle) are in references/code-templates.md.

Test Scenario Data Management

Switch preset test data states via make mock-scenario for controlled, repeatable test input:

make mock-scenario SCENARIO=new-user        # No history
make mock-scenario SCENARIO=returning-user   # Has past interaction history
make mock-scenario SCENARIO=converted-user   # Has completed conversion

Each Scenario = a set of DB seed data + Mock stub configuration. Playwright tests specify the scenario via URL parameter (?scenario=new-user) or environment variable, integrating seamlessly with CI.

WireMock Fault Injection

Inject fault scenarios via WireMock to verify service degradation behavior:

// Inject 5s delay → Expected: service degrades and returns HTTP 200 with empty list
{ "request": { "method": "POST", "urlPattern": "/api/eval" },
  "response": { "fixedDelayMilliseconds": 5000, "status": 200 } }

{ "request": { "method": "GET", "urlPattern": "/v1/features/.*" },
  "response": { "status": 500 } }

---

Step 6: CI/CD Automation Configuration

The CI pipeline is organized by test layer into stages: test-l1 (every commit) → test-l2 (Nightly/Merge) → test-e2e (Release) → quality (coverage). The complete .gitlab-ci.yml template is in references/code-templates.md.

Quality Gates

Gate	Checkpoint	Criteria
CI Gate	L1	100% pass, coverage ≥ 80%
Nightly	L2 + L3	100% pass
Release	L1 + L2 + L3 + L4	100% pass
Memory Safety	ASan/TSan (Embedded)	0 errors
Code Quality	SonarQube	Quality Gate pass

---

Step 7: TDD Debugging Workflow

Manual browser debugging is prohibited — bugs must be reproduced and verified through test cases

1. Reproduce (Red)

Select the test tool based on bug layer:

Bug Type	Test Layer	Tools
Backend business logic	L1	Go Test / JUnit / GTest
API interface	L2-1	Interface test + Mock
Frontend component	L1	Vitest / Jest / flutter_test
Frontend-backend integration	L2-2	Docker Compose + Integration
Full chain	L2-3	Playwright / Simulator
Embedded logic	L1	GTest + Mock HAL
Wasm/Browser	L2-2	Vitest Browser (Digital Twin)

Write a reproduction test → run to confirm it fails

2. Fix (Green)

Analyze test logs → fix code → run to confirm it passes

3. Verify (Refactor)

Run the full test suite to confirm no regressions; retain the test case as regression protection.

---

Examples

Bad — Test strategy missing layering

stages: [build, test]
test:
  script: [go test ./..., flutter test, npm run test]
# Problem: no layering, no gates, L1 failures cannot be quickly pinpointed

Good — Layered pipeline (complete template in references/code-templates.md)

stages: [build, test-l1, test-l2, test-e2e, quality]
# Each layer has its own stage, trigger rules, and gates

Bad — Non-standard debugging approach

// Manual setTimeout wait — unreliable and fragile
await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 3000));
console.log("manually check the browser to see if it's working"); // Manual browser debugging prohibited

Good Example — Event-driven async verification

// Using Promise Resolver Pattern for precise state change waiting
await waitFor(() => shadowUpdates.get("panel_status") === "armed_away");
expect(shadowUpdates.get("panel_status")).toBe("armed_away");

---

Checklist

• Project type identified
• Test layer architecture defined
• Test plan document generated (docs/<project>_test_plan.md)
• Test case IDs at each layer consistent with the plan
• L1 covers core logic + boundary conditions
• L2-1 covers API contracts / ABI interfaces
• L2-2 covers critical integration paths
• L2-3 covers core User Story end-to-end paths
• Requirements traceability matrix established (User Story → Test Case)
• CI/CD pipeline configured with quality gates
• All bug fixes have reproduction test cases

References

• Quality Assurance and Layered Testing Strategy
• Subsystem Universal Layered Testing Strategy and Practice Guide
• TDD-Driven Development Skill