Building MCP servers in .NET

This skill helps you write production-quality MCP servers and basic clients in C#/.NET against the official ModelContextProtocol NuGet packages, maintained by Microsoft and the MCP project. It targets the stable 1.x line and the current spec (2025-11-25).

When this skill earns its keep

The .NET MCP SDK had years of preview packages (0.x-preview) before reaching 1.0. Without help, the model tends to:

• Pin a stale preview version that won't compile against current samples.
• Miss recent spec features (elicitation URL mode, MCP Apps, structured content blocks).
• Get HTTP transport details wrong (stateful/stateless, proxy buffering, OAuth wiring).
• Forget the STDIO stdout/stderr trap.

If the task is one of those, load the matching reference and follow it. If it's truly trivial (e.g. "rename this tool method"), you don't need to read everything — the cardinal rules below are the minimum.

Mental model in 30 seconds

A .NET MCP server is an ordinary Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting (or WebApplication) app that wires an MCP server through DI:

builder.Services
    .AddMcpServer()
    .WithStdioServerTransport()      // OR .WithHttpTransport(...)
    .WithToolsFromAssembly()         // discover [McpServerToolType] classes
    .WithPrompts<MyPrompts>()        // optional
    .WithResources<MyResources>();   // optional

Primitives are plain C# methods on classes marked with attributes ([McpServerToolType] + [McpServerTool], [McpServerPromptType] + [McpServerPrompt], [McpServerResourceType] + [McpServerResource]). Parameters bind from JSON-RPC; the SDK builds the JSON Schema from the signature plus [Description] attributes.

Server-to-client features (sampling, elicitation, roots, log/progress notifications) are methods on the injected IMcpServer.

Decision tree → which references to load

Always load references/packages.md if you're creating a new project or unsure of the current package version.

Task	Load
New STDIO server	references/transport-stdio.md
New HTTP (Streamable) server	references/transport-http.md
Add/modify a tool	references/tool-primitive.md
Add/modify a prompt	references/prompt-primitive.md
Add/modify a resource	references/resource-primitive.md
Ask the user a question mid-tool	references/elicitation.md
Call the client's LLM from a tool	references/sampling.md
Read the user's project roots	references/roots.md
Return an interactive UI	references/mcp-apps.md
Argument completions, log/progress notifications, filters, server instructions	references/server-features.md
Write a .NET program that consumes an MCP server	references/client.md
MCP Inspector, in-memory tests, mocks, CI	references/testing.md

For multi-primitive tasks, load several at once. For trivial edits in an existing file, you usually don't need any.

Cardinal rules (apply always; these prevent the highest-frequency breakages)

1. Pin the current stable package, not a preview. Use ModelContextProtocol / ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore / ModelContextProtocol.Core at the latest 1.x. If you find yourself writing 0.3-preview or 0.4-preview, stop and check NuGet — preview APIs have breaking differences.
2. STDIO servers must not write to stdout. Stdout is the JSON-RPC channel. Configure LogToStandardErrorThreshold = LogLevel.Trace before anything else and never Console.WriteLine from a tool.
3. HTTP defaults to stateful. For horizontally-scaled deployments without server-initiated traffic, set options.Stateless = true. Server-to-client features (sampling, elicitation, roots, unsolicited notifications) require stateful HTTP or STDIO — Stateless = true will break them at runtime.
4. SSE-only is deprecated. Use Streamable HTTP. Only enable legacy SSE (EnableLegacySse = true) for an old client you must support, and call it out.
5. Always [Description] tools and parameters. This is what the LLM sees when picking and shaping calls. Vague descriptions are the #1 reason tools don't get used.
6. Show the registration line every time you add a primitive. A new [McpServerPromptType] class without .WithPrompts<...>() (or .WithPromptsFromAssembly()) is invisible.
7. Don't invent APIs. If you're unsure a method exists, say so and check the API reference — wrong method names cause silent failures.

Working style

• Make minimal, additive changes. Add a method to the existing tool class rather than restructuring the project.
• For non-trivial setups, run dotnet build. Catches missing usings, attribute typos, and TFM mismatches before the user sees them.
• Confirm transport + .NET version + primitives before scaffolding if context doesn't already make them obvious. Default to .NET 10 for new projects.

When the user is stuck

Walk this checklist before guessing:

1. STDIO: something is writing to stdout (logger sink, Console.WriteLine, library banner).
2. HTTP 404: path mismatch — app.MapMcp() is root, app.MapMcp("/mcp") puts it under /mcp.
3. Tool not appearing: missing [McpServerToolType] on the class, or no .WithToolsFromAssembly() / .WithTools<T>() registered.
4. Args not bound: parameter names must match the JSON-RPC arguments keys; complex types bind via System.Text.Json.
5. Sampling/elicitation/roots failing: transport is stateless HTTP, or the client doesn't advertise the capability.

Still stuck? Point the user at the EverythingServer sample — it exercises every feature.