{"id":"ea84d62a-2168-4ed6-b38b-68e90cf0cf4b","shortId":"q5UUT6","kind":"skill","title":"browserenginekit","tagline":"Build alternative browser engines using BrowserEngineKit. Use when developing a non-WebKit browser engine for iOS in the EU, managing web content rendering processes, configuring GPU and networking processes for browser functionality, checking device eligibility for alternative e","description":"# BrowserEngineKit\n\nFramework for building web browsers with alternative (non-WebKit) rendering\nengines on iOS and iPadOS. Provides process isolation, XPC communication,\ncapability management, and system integration for browser apps that implement\ntheir own HTML/CSS/JavaScript engine. Targets Swift 6.3 / iOS 26+.\n\nBrowserEngineKit is a specialized framework. Alternative browser engines are\ncurrently supported for distribution in the EU. Japan requires Memory Integrity\nEnforcement (MIE) for alternative browser engine distribution. Development and\ntesting can occur anywhere. The companion\nframeworks BrowserEngineCore (low-level primitives) and BrowserKit (eligibility\nchecks, data transfer) support the overall browser engine workflow.\n\n## Contents\n\n- [Overview and Eligibility](#overview-and-eligibility)\n- [Entitlements](#entitlements)\n- [Architecture](#architecture)\n- [Process Management](#process-management)\n- [Extension Types](#extension-types)\n- [Capabilities](#capabilities)\n- [Layer Hosting and View Coordination](#layer-hosting-and-view-coordination)\n- [Text Interaction](#text-interaction)\n- [Sandbox and Security](#sandbox-and-security)\n- [Downloads](#downloads)\n- [Common Mistakes](#common-mistakes)\n- [Review Checklist](#review-checklist)\n- [References](#references)\n\n## Overview and Eligibility\n\n### Eligibility Checking\n\nUse `BEAvailability` from the BrowserKit framework to check whether the device\nis eligible for alternative browser engines:\n\n```swift\nimport BrowserKit\n\nBEAvailability.isEligible(for: .webBrowser) { eligible, error in\n    if eligible {\n        // Device supports alternative browser engines\n    } else {\n        // Fall back or show explanation\n    }\n}\n```\n\nEligibility depends on the device region and OS version. Do not hard-code\nregion checks; rely on the system API.\n\n### Related Frameworks\n\n| Framework | Purpose |\n|---|---|\n| BrowserEngineKit | Process management, extensions, text/view integration |\n| BrowserEngineCore | Low-level primitives: kernel events, JIT tag, audio session |\n| BrowserKit | Eligibility checks, browser data import/export |\n\n## Entitlements\n\n### Browser App (Host)\n\nThe host app requires two entitlements:\n\n| Entitlement | Purpose |\n|---|---|\n| `com.apple.developer.web-browser` | Enables default-browser candidacy |\n| `com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.host` | Enables alternative engine extensions |\n\nBoth must be requested from Apple. The request process varies by region.\n\n### Extension Entitlements\n\nEach extension target requires its type-specific entitlement set to `true`:\n\n| Extension Type | Entitlement |\n|---|---|\n| Web content | `com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.webcontent` |\n| Networking | `com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.networking` |\n| Rendering | `com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.rendering` |\n\n### Optional Entitlements\n\n| Entitlement | Extension | Purpose |\n|---|---|---|\n| `com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit` | Web content | JIT compilation of scripts |\n| `com.apple.developer.kernel.extended-virtual-addressing` | Web content | Required alongside JIT |\n| `com.apple.developer.memory.transfer_send` | Rendering | Send memory attribution |\n| `com.apple.developer.memory.transfer_accept` | Web content | Accept memory attribution |\n| `com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.restrict.notifyd` | Web content | Restrict notification daemon access |\n\n### Embedded Browser Engine (Non-Browser Apps)\n\nApps that are not browsers but embed an alternative engine for in-app browsing\nuse different entitlements:\n\n| Entitlement | Purpose |\n|---|---|\n| `com.apple.developer.embedded-web-browser-engine` | Enable embedded engine |\n| `com.apple.developer.embedded-web-browser-engine.engine-association` | Declare engine ownership |\n\nEmbedded engines use `arm64` only (not `arm64e`), cannot include browser\nextensions, and cannot use JIT compilation.\n\n### Japan-Specific Requirements\n\nBrowser apps distributed in Japan must enable hardware memory tagging via\n`com.apple.security.hardened-process.checked-allocations`. Apple strongly\nrecommends enabling this in the EU as well.\n\n## Architecture\n\nA browser built with BrowserEngineKit consists of four components running in\nseparate processes:\n\n```\nHost App (UI, coordination)\n  |\n  |-- XPC --> Web Content Extension (HTML parsing, JS, DOM)\n  |-- XPC --> Networking Extension (URLSession, sockets)\n  |-- XPC --> Rendering Extension (Metal, GPU, media)\n```\n\nThe host app launches and manages all extensions. Extensions cannot launch\nother extensions. Extensions communicate with each other through anonymous XPC\nendpoints brokered by the host app.\n\n### Bootstrap Sequence\n\n1. Host launches web content, networking, and rendering extensions\n2. Host creates XPC connections to each extension\n3. Host requests anonymous XPC endpoints from networking and rendering\n4. Host sends both endpoints to the web content extension via a bootstrap\n   message\n5. Web content extension connects directly to networking and rendering\n\nThis architecture follows the principle of least privilege: the web content\nextension works with untrusted data but has no direct OS resource access.\n\n## Process Management\n\n### Launching Extensions\n\nEach extension type has a corresponding process class in the host app:\n\n```swift\nimport BrowserEngineKit\n\n// Web content (one per tab or iframe)\nlet contentProcess = try await WebContentProcess(\n    bundleIdentifier: nil,\n    onInterruption: {\n        // Handle crash or OS interruption\n    }\n)\n\n// Networking (typically one instance)\nlet networkProcess = try await NetworkingProcess(\n    bundleIdentifier: nil,\n    onInterruption: {\n        // Handle interruption\n    }\n)\n\n// Rendering / GPU (typically one instance)\nlet renderingProcess = try await RenderingProcess(\n    bundleIdentifier: nil,\n    onInterruption: {\n        // Handle interruption\n    }\n)\n```\n\nPass `nil` for `bundleIdentifier` to use the default extension target. The\ninterruption handler fires if the extension crashes or is terminated by the OS.\n\n### Creating XPC Connections\n\n```swift\nlet connection = try contentProcess.makeLibXPCConnection()\n// Use connection for inter-process messaging\n```\n\nEach process type provides `makeLibXPCConnection()` to create an\n`xpc_connection_t` for communication.\n\n### Stopping Extensions\n\n```swift\ncontentProcess.invalidate()\n```\n\nAfter calling `invalidate()`, no further method calls on the process object\nare valid.\n\n## Extension Types\n\n### Web Content Extension\n\nHosts the browser engine's HTML parser, CSS engine, JavaScript interpreter,\nand DOM. Subclass `WebContentExtension` to handle incoming XPC connections:\n\n```swift\nimport BrowserEngineKit\n\nfinal class MyWebContentExtension: WebContentExtension {\n    override func handle(xpcConnection: xpc_connection_t) {\n        // Set up message handlers on the connection\n    }\n}\n```\n\nConfigure via `WebContentExtensionConfiguration` in the extension's\n`EXAppExtensionAttributes`.\n\n### Networking Extension\n\nHandles all network requests using `URLSession` or socket APIs. One instance\nserves all tabs:\n\n```swift\nimport BrowserEngineKit\n\nfinal class MyNetworkingExtension: NetworkingExtension {\n    override func handle(xpcConnection: xpc_connection_t) {\n        // Handle network request messages\n    }\n}\n```\n\nConfigure via `NetworkingExtensionConfiguration`.\n\n### Rendering Extension\n\nAccesses the GPU via Metal for video decoding, compositing, and complex\nrendering. One instance typically serves the entire browser:\n\n```swift\nimport BrowserEngineKit\n\nfinal class MyRenderingExtension: RenderingExtension {\n    override func handle(xpcConnection: xpc_connection_t) {\n        // Handle rendering commands\n    }\n}\n```\n\nThe rendering extension can enable optional features:\n\n```swift\n// Enable CoreML in the rendering extension\nextension.enableFeature(.coreML)\n```\n\nConfigure via `RenderingExtensionConfiguration`.\n\n## Capabilities\n\nGrant capabilities to extensions so the OS schedules them appropriately:\n\n```swift\n// Grant foreground priority to an extension\nlet grant = try contentProcess.grantCapability(.foreground)\n\n// ... extension does foreground work ...\n\n// Relinquish when done\ngrant.invalidate()\n```\n\n### Available Capabilities\n\n| Capability | Use Case |\n|---|---|\n| `.foreground` | Active tab rendering, visible content |\n| `.background` | Background tasks, prefetching |\n| `.suspended` | Minimal activity, pending cleanup |\n| `.mediaPlaybackAndCapture(environment:)` | Audio/video playback, camera/mic capture |\n\n### Media Environment\n\nFor media capabilities, create a `MediaEnvironment` tied to a page URL.\nThe environment supports `AVCaptureSession` for camera/mic access and is\nXPC-serializable for cross-process transport:\n\n```swift\nlet mediaEnv = MediaEnvironment(webPage: pageURL)\nlet grant = try contentProcess.grantCapability(\n    .mediaPlaybackAndCapture(environment: mediaEnv)\n)\ntry mediaEnv.activate()\nlet captureSession = try mediaEnv.makeCaptureSession()\n```\n\n### Visibility Propagation\n\nAttach a visibility propagation interaction to browser views so extensions\nknow when content is on screen. Both `WebContentProcess` and\n`RenderingProcess` provide `createVisibilityPropagationInteraction()`.\n\n## Layer Hosting and View Coordination\n\nThe rendering extension draws into a `LayerHierarchy`, whose content the\nhost app displays via `LayerHierarchyHostingView`. Handles are passed over\nXPC. Use `LayerHierarchyHostingTransactionCoordinator` to synchronize layer\nupdates atomically across processes.\n\nSee [references/browserenginekit-patterns.md](references/browserenginekit-patterns.md) for detailed layer hosting\nexamples and transaction coordination.\n\n## Text Interaction\n\nAdopt `BETextInput` on custom text views to integrate with UIKit's text\nsystem. This enables standard text selection, autocorrect, dictation, and\nkeyboard interactions.\n\nKey integration points:\n\n- `asyncInputDelegate` for communicating text changes to the system\n- `handleKeyEntry(_:completionHandler:)` for keyboard events\n- `BETextInteraction` for selection gestures, edit menus, and context menus\n- `BEScrollView` and `BEScrollViewDelegate` for custom scroll handling\n\nSee [references/browserenginekit-patterns.md](references/browserenginekit-patterns.md) for detailed text interaction\nimplementation.\n\n## Sandbox and Security\n\n### Restricted Sandbox\n\nAfter initialization, lock down content extensions using the restricted\nsandbox:\n\n```swift\n// In the web content extension, after setup:\nextension.applyRestrictedSandbox(revision: .revision2)\n```\n\nThis removes access to resources the extension used during startup but no\nlonger needs. Use the latest revision (`.revision2`) for the strongest\nrestrictions.\n\n### JIT Compilation\n\nWeb content extensions that JIT-compile JavaScript toggle memory between\nwritable and executable states. Use the `BE_JIT_WRITE_PROTECT_TAG` from\nBrowserEngineCore:\n\n```swift\nimport BrowserEngineCore\n\n// BE_JIT_WRITE_PROTECT_TAG is used with pthread_jit_write_protect_np\n// to control JIT memory page permissions\n```\n\nRequires the `com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit` and\n`com.apple.developer.kernel.extended-virtual-addressing` entitlements on\nthe web content extension only.\n\n### arm64e Requirement\n\nAll executables (host app and extensions) must be built with the `arm64e`\ninstruction set for distribution. Build as a universal binary to also support\n`arm64` iPads.\n\nIn Xcode build settings or xcconfig:\n\n```\nARCHS[sdk=iphoneos*]=arm64e\n```\n\nDo not use `arm64e` for Simulator targets.\n\n## Downloads\n\nReport download progress to the system using `BEDownloadMonitor`. Create an\naccess token, initialize the monitor with source/destination URLs and a\n`Progress` object, then call `beginMonitoring()` to show the system download\nUI. Use `resumeMonitoring(placeholderURL:)` to resume interrupted downloads.\n\nSee [references/browserenginekit-patterns.md](references/browserenginekit-patterns.md) for full download management\nexamples.\n\n## Common Mistakes\n\n### DON'T: Skip the bootstrap sequence\n\n```swift\n// WRONG - content extension has no path to other extensions\nlet contentProcess = try await WebContentProcess(\n    bundleIdentifier: nil, onInterruption: {}\n)\n// Immediately start sending work without connecting to networking/rendering\n\n// CORRECT - broker connections through the host app\nlet networkEndpoint = try await networkProxy.getEndpoint()\nlet renderEndpoint = try await renderProxy.getEndpoint()\ntry await contentProxy.bootstrap(\n    renderingExtension: renderEndpoint,\n    networkExtension: networkEndpoint\n)\n```\n\n### DON'T: Launch extensions from other extensions\n\n```swift\n// WRONG - extensions cannot launch other extensions\n// (inside a WebContentExtension)\nlet network = try await NetworkingProcess(...)\n\n// CORRECT - only the host app launches extensions\n// Host app creates all processes, then brokers connections\n```\n\n### DON'T: Use extension process objects after invalidation\n\n```swift\n// WRONG\ncontentProcess.invalidate()\nlet conn = try contentProcess.makeLibXPCConnection()  // Error\n\n// CORRECT - create a new process if needed\nlet newProcess = try await WebContentProcess(\n    bundleIdentifier: nil, onInterruption: {}\n)\n```\n\n### DON'T: Apply JIT entitlements to non-content extensions\n\nJIT compilation entitlements (`com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit`) are valid\nonly on web content extensions. Adding them to the host app, rendering\nextension, or networking extension causes App Store rejection.\n\n### DON'T: Hard-code region eligibility\n\n```swift\n// WRONG\nif Locale.current.region?.identifier == \"DE\" {\n    useAlternativeEngine()\n}\n\n// CORRECT - use the system eligibility API\nBEAvailability.isEligible(for: .webBrowser) { eligible, _ in\n    if eligible { useAlternativeEngine() }\n}\n```\n\n### DON'T: Forget to set UIRequiredDeviceCapabilities\n\nWithout `web-browser-engine` in `UIRequiredDeviceCapabilities`, users on\nunsupported devices can download the app and hit runtime failures.\n\n## Review Checklist\n\n- [ ] `com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.host` entitlement on host app\n- [ ] Each extension has its type-specific entitlement\n- [ ] `UIRequiredDeviceCapabilities` includes `web-browser-engine`\n- [ ] `arm64e` instruction set configured for all iOS device targets\n- [ ] `arm64e` is not set for Simulator targets\n- [ ] Swift packages built with `iOSPackagesShouldBuildARM64e` workspace setting\n- [ ] Extension point identifiers set correctly in each extension's Info.plist\n- [ ] Interruption handlers implemented for all process types\n- [ ] Bootstrap sequence connects content extension to networking and rendering\n- [ ] Capabilities granted before work begins and invalidated when done\n- [ ] Visibility propagation interaction added to browser content views\n- [ ] Restricted sandbox applied to content extensions after initialization\n- [ ] `BEAvailability` used for eligibility checks instead of manual region logic\n- [ ] Memory attribution configured if rendering extension memory is high\n- [ ] Download progress reported via `BEDownloadMonitor` for active downloads\n- [ ] Memory tagging enabled for Japan distribution (recommended for EU)\n\n## References\n\n- Extended patterns (text interaction, layer hosting, scroll views, XPC communication, content filtering): [references/browserenginekit-patterns.md](references/browserenginekit-patterns.md)\n- [BrowserEngineKit framework](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginekit)\n- [Designing your browser architecture](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginekit/designing-your-browser-architecture)\n- [Creating browser extensions in Xcode](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginekit/creating-browser-extensions-in-xcode)\n- [Managing the browser extension life cycle](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginekit/managing-the-browser-extension-lifecycle)\n- [Using XPC to communicate with browser extensions](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginekit/using-xpc-to-communicate-with-browser-extensions)\n- [Web Browser Engine Entitlement](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/bundleresources/entitlements/com.apple.developer.web-browser-engine.host)\n- [BrowserKit framework](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserkit)\n- [BrowserEngineCore framework](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginecore)\n- [Sample: Developing a browser app with an alternative engine](https://sosumi.ai/documentation/browserenginekit/developing-a-browser-app-that-uses-an-alternative-browser-engine)","tags":["browserenginekit","swift","ios","skills","dpearson2699","accessibility","agent-skills","ai-coding","apple","claude-code","codex-skills","cursor-skills"],"capabilities":["skill","source-dpearson2699","skill-browserenginekit","topic-accessibility","topic-agent-skills","topic-ai-coding","topic-apple","topic-claude-code","topic-codex-skills","topic-cursor-skills","topic-ios","topic-ios-development","topic-liquid-glass","topic-localization","topic-mapkit"],"categories":["swift-ios-skills"],"synonyms":[],"warnings":[],"endpointUrl":"https://skills.sh/dpearson2699/swift-ios-skills/browserenginekit","protocol":"skill","transport":"skills-sh","auth":{"type":"none","details":{"cli":"npx skills add 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