{"id":"c8daef4e-07c0-49a0-bc9e-983237623c7d","shortId":"G47c63","kind":"skill","title":"binding-characterization","tagline":"Guidance for SPR and BLI binding characterization experiments. Use when: (1) Planning binding kinetics experiments, (2) Troubleshooting poor/no binding signal, (3) Interpreting kinetic data artifacts, (4) Choosing between SPR vs BLI platforms.","description":"# Binding Characterization: SPR and BLI\n\n## SPR vs BLI Decision Matrix\n\n| Factor | Choose SPR | Choose BLI |\n|--------|------------|------------|\n| **Sensitivity** | Small molecules, fragments (<500 Da) | Large complexes, antibodies |\n| **Throughput** | Low-medium (serial) | High (96-well parallel) |\n| **Sample purity** | Required (clogs fluidics) | Tolerates crude lysates |\n| **Kinetic resolution** | Higher (better for fast kinetics) | Lower |\n| **Mass transport** | More sensitive (may distort kon) | Less sensitive |\n| **Maintenance** | High (fluidics system) | Low (dip-and-read) |\n| **Sample consumption** | Higher (continuous flow) | Lower |\n| **Cost per experiment** | Lower chip cost, higher run cost | Higher tip cost, lower run cost |\n\n## Key differences\n\n### SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance)\n- **Mechanism**: Detects refractive index changes at gold surface\n- **Surface**: Gold chip with dextran matrix (CM5, CM7, etc.)\n- **Flow**: Continuous microfluidics\n- **Best for**: Small molecules, high-affinity, precise kon/koff\n\n### BLI (Biolayer Interferometry)\n- **Mechanism**: Measures optical interference pattern shift\n- **Surface**: Fiber optic biosensor tips (SA, Ni-NTA, AHC)\n- **Flow**: Dip-and-read (no microfluidics)\n- **Best for**: High-throughput, crude samples, antibody screening\n\n---\n\n## Troubleshooting: Why BLI works but SPR doesn't\n\n| Cause | Mechanism | Solution |\n|-------|-----------|----------|\n| **Hydrophobic CDRs** | Adsorb to SPR gold/dextran surface | Add 0.05% Tween-20, use CM7 chip with longer dextran |\n| **Aggregation** | Mass transport artifacts in SPR fluidics | Filter sample (0.22μm), reduce ligand density |\n| **High instability** | Degrades during continuous flow | Shorter cycle time, add stabilizers (trehalose 5%) |\n| **Charge mismatch** | Nonspecific binding to charged dextran | Adjust buffer pH ±1 from pI, add BSA 1mg/mL |\n| **Slow dissociation** | Long regeneration needed (damages ligand) | Use BLI (disposable tips) |\n\n### Why SPR works but BLI doesn't\n\n| Cause | Mechanism | Solution |\n|-------|-----------|----------|\n| **Small analyte** | BLI less sensitive for <10 kDa | Use SPR with appropriate chip |\n| **Weak affinity (KD >10μM)** | Fast dissociation in BLI dip | Increase analyte concentration |\n| **Low expression** | Not enough signal | Increase biosensor loading |\n\n---\n\n## Mass transport considerations\n\nMass transport limitation occurs when analyte cannot diffuse to the surface fast enough to maintain equilibrium. This distorts kinetic parameters.\n\n### Symptoms\n- Observed kon appears slower than true kon\n- Linear association phase (instead of exponential)\n- kon varies with ligand density\n- Rmax varies with flow rate\n\n### When mass transport matters\n- **High-affinity interactions** (kon >10^6 M^-1s^-1)\n- **High ligand density** (>500 RU)\n- **Slow flow rates** (<30 μL/min in SPR)\n- **Large analytes** (slow diffusion)\n\n### Mitigation strategies\n\n| Strategy | SPR | BLI |\n|----------|-----|-----|\n| Reduce ligand density | <200 RU for high-affinity | <0.5 nm shift loading |\n| Increase flow rate | 50-100 μL/min | Increase shake speed (1000 rpm) |\n| Use oriented immobilization | His-tag capture | Biotinylated ligand |\n| Include in fitting | Mass transport model (kt) | Usually less critical |\n\n---\n\n## Nonspecific binding mitigation\n\n### Buffer additives (ranked by effectiveness)\n\n| Additive | Concentration | Mechanism | Best For |\n|----------|---------------|-----------|----------|\n| BSA | 0.5-1 mg/mL | Blocks hydrophobic sites | General use |\n| Tween-20 | 0.02-0.05% | Prevents surface adsorption | Hydrophobic analytes |\n| Trehalose | 1-5% | Stabilizes + blocks | Unstable proteins |\n| Sucrose | 5% | BLI-specific blocker | BLI tips |\n| Carboxymethyl dextran | 1 mg/mL | Competitive blocking | SPR with charged proteins |\n| NaCl | 150-500 mM | Reduces ionic interactions | Charged proteins |\n\n### pH optimization\n- Keep buffer pH at least 1 unit away from analyte pI\n- pI near 7: Use pH 6.0 or 8.0 buffer\n- Acidic proteins (pI <5): Use neutral or basic buffer\n- Basic proteins (pI >9): Use slightly acidic buffer\n\n### Reference subtraction\n**Always include**:\n- Blank reference channel (no ligand)\n- Buffer-only injections\n- Non-specific binding controls\n\n---\n\n## Regeneration conditions\n\n### SPR regeneration scouting (try in order)\n\n| Condition | Targets | Caution |\n|-----------|---------|---------|\n| 10 mM Glycine pH 2.0-2.5 | Most protein-protein | May denature ligand |\n| 10 mM Glycine pH 1.5 | Strong interactions | Harsh, limit exposure |\n| 1-2 M NaCl | Ionic interactions | Mild, try first |\n| 10 mM NaOH | Very stable ligands | Can hydrolyze proteins |\n| 10 mM Glycine pH 9-10 | Acid-stable proteins | Can aggregate |\n| 10 mM EDTA | His-tag, metal-dependent | Strips Ni-NTA |\n| 4 M MgCl2 | Hydrophobic interactions | Check ligand stability |\n\n### Regeneration protocol\n1. Start with mildest condition (high salt)\n2. Test 30s contact time\n3. Verify complete dissociation (return to baseline)\n4. Verify retained ligand activity (repeat binding)\n5. Use shortest effective contact time\n\n### BLI tips\n- Tips are often disposable (no regeneration needed)\n- For reuse: Same conditions as SPR, but shorter exposure\n- Anti-His tips: 10 mM Glycine pH 1.5, 30s\n- Streptavidin tips: Generally not regenerable\n\n---\n\n## Common artifacts and solutions\n\n### Biphasic binding\n**Symptoms**: Two-rate association or dissociation\n**Causes**:\n- Sample heterogeneity (aggregates)\n- Ligand heterogeneity (multiple conformations)\n- Avidity effects (bivalent analyte)\n\n**Solutions**:\n- Filter/centrifuge sample\n- Use monovalent Fab fragments\n- Reduce ligand density\n- Fit to heterogeneous model\n\n### Negative dissociation\n**Symptoms**: Signal increases during dissociation phase\n**Causes**:\n- Ligand leaching from surface\n- Analyte aggregation on surface\n- Reference channel drift\n\n**Solutions**:\n- Use capture antibody instead of direct immobilization\n- Increase buffer stringency\n- Better reference subtraction\n\n### Hook effect\n**Symptoms**: Signal decreases at high analyte concentrations\n**Causes**:\n- Surface saturation + rebinding suppression\n- Crowding effects\n\n**Solutions**:\n- Reduce analyte concentration range\n- Reduce ligand density\n- Use smaller analyte fragments\n\n---\n\n## Kinetic data quality checklist\n\n### Before analysis\n- [ ] Reference-subtracted properly\n- [ ] Buffer injection shows flat baseline\n- [ ] Rmax consistent across concentrations\n- [ ] No systematic drift during association\n- [ ] Complete regeneration (return to baseline)\n- [ ] Duplicate/triplicate injections consistent\n\n### Fitting quality\n- [ ] Residuals randomly distributed (no systematic deviation)\n- [ ] Chi² < 10% of Rmax (or < 1 RU² for low signals)\n- [ ] kon and koff errors < 20% of values\n- [ ] KD from kinetics matches equilibrium KD (within 3-fold)\n- [ ] Fitted Rmax reasonable (close to theoretical)\n\n### Red flags\n- kon approaching mass transport limit (>10^7 M^-1s^-1)\n- koff faster than data acquisition (< 0.01 s^-1 requires faster sampling)\n- Rmax >> theoretical maximum (aggregation or avidity)\n- Large difference between kinetic and equilibrium KD\n\n---\n\n## References\n\n### Platform comparisons\n- [BLI vs SPR Comparison - Sartorius](https://www.sartorius.hr/en/news/blog/bli-vs-spr-choosing-the-ideal-method-for-analyzing-biomolecular-interactions/)\n- [BLI vs SPR - Nicoya](https://nicoyalife.com/blog/biolayer-interferometry-vs-surface-plasmon-resonance/)\n\n### SPR protocols\n- [SPR Guidelines - van der Merwe, Oxford](https://www.path.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/SPR-guidelines-1.pdf)\n- [SPR Experiment Guide - Duke DHVI](https://dhvi.duke.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/SPR%20Experiment%20Guide%20v1.3.pdf)\n\n### Troubleshooting\n- [4 Ways to Reduce NSB in SPR - Nicoya](https://nicoyalife.com/blog/4-ways-reduce-non-specific-binding-spr/)\n- [3 Ways to Limit Mass Transfer Effects - Nicoya](https://nicoyalife.com/blog/3-ways-to-limit-mass-transfer-effects/)\n- [Suppressing NSB in BLI - ACS Omega](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c05659)\n\n### Regeneration\n- [SPR Regeneration - SPRpages](https://www.sprpages.nl/kinetics/regeneration)\n- [Mastering Regeneration - Nicoya](https://nicoyalife.com/blog/regeneration-buffer-spr-experiment/)\n\n### Mass transport\n- [Mass Transport Limitation in SPR - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4134667/)\n- [Mass-Transfer Kinetics - SPRpages](https://www.sprpages.nl/data-fitting/kinetic-models/mass-transfer)","tags":["binding","characterization","protein","design","skills","adaptyvbio","agent-skills","claude-code","protein-design","protein-engineering"],"capabilities":["skill","source-adaptyvbio","skill-binding-characterization","topic-agent-skills","topic-claude-code","topic-protein-design","topic-protein-engineering"],"categories":["protein-design-skills"],"synonyms":[],"warnings":[],"endpointUrl":"https://skills.sh/adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills/binding-characterization","protocol":"skill","transport":"skills-sh","auth":{"type":"none","details":{"cli":"npx skills add adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills","source_repo":"https://github.com/adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills","install_from":"skills.sh"}},"qualityScore":"0.513","qualityRationale":"deterministic score 0.51 from registry signals: · indexed on github topic:agent-skills · 126 github stars · SKILL.md body (8,449 chars)","verified":false,"liveness":"unknown","lastLivenessCheck":null,"agentReviews":{"count":0,"score_avg":null,"cost_usd_avg":null,"success_rate":null,"latency_p50_ms":null,"narrative_summary":null,"summary_updated_at":null},"enrichmentModel":"deterministic:skill-github:v1","enrichmentVersion":1,"enrichedAt":"2026-05-02T12:54:48.195Z","embedding":null,"createdAt":"2026-04-18T22:10:03.058Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-02T12:54:48.195Z","lastSeenAt":"2026-05-02T12:54:48.195Z","tsv":"'-0.05':472 '-1':378,380,462,904,906,914 '-10':626 '-100':420 '-2':604 '-2.5':585 '-20':215,470 '-5':480 '-500':505 '/articles/pmc4134667/)':1023 '/blog/3-ways-to-limit-mass-transfer-effects/)':990 '/blog/4-ways-reduce-non-specific-binding-spr/)':979 '/blog/biolayer-interferometry-vs-surface-plasmon-resonance/)':948 '/blog/regeneration-buffer-spr-experiment/)':1012 '/data-fitting/kinetic-models/mass-transfer)':1031 '/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c05659)':999 '/en/news/blog/bli-vs-spr-choosing-the-ideal-method-for-analyzing-biomolecular-interactions/)':941 '/kinetics/regeneration)':1006 '/min':391,422 '/sites/default/files/2022-08/spr%20experiment%20guide%20v1.3.pdf)':967 '/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/spr-guidelines-1.pdf)':959 '0.01':912 '0.02':471 '0.05':213 '0.22':231 '0.5':412,461 '1':14,259,479,495,519,603,656,867 '1.5':597,714 '10':292,375,580,593,612,621,633,710,863,901 '1000':426 '10μm':302 '150':504 '1mg/ml':264 '2':19,663 '2.0':584 '20':876 '200':406 '3':24,668,886,980 '30':389 '30s':665,715 '4':29,646,675,969 '5':248,486,537,682 '50':419 '500':55,384 '6':376 '6.0':530 '7':527,902 '8.0':532 '9':546,625 '96':66 'ac':995 'acid':534,549,628 'acid-st':627 'acquisit':911 'across':839 'activ':679 'add':212,245,262 'addit':451,455 'adjust':256 'adsorb':207 'adsorpt':475 'affin':156,300,372,411 'aggreg':222,632,737,774,921 'ahc':177 'alway':553 'analysi':827 'analyt':287,309,327,395,477,523,745,773,801,812,820 'anti':707 'anti-hi':706 'antibodi':59,192,783 'appear':345 'approach':897 'appropri':297 'artifact':28,225,722 'associ':351,731,845 'avid':742,923 'away':521 'baselin':674,836,850 'basic':541,543 'best':150,185,458 'better':80,791 'bind':2,9,16,22,36,252,448,567,681,726 'binding-character':1 'biolay':160 'biosensor':171,317 'biotinyl':435 'biphas':725 'bival':744 'blank':555 'bli':8,34,40,43,50,159,196,273,280,288,306,402,488,491,688,934,942,994 'bli-specif':487 'block':464,482,498 'blocker':490 'bsa':263,460 'buffer':257,450,515,533,542,550,561,789,832 'buffer-on':560 'cannot':328 'captur':434,782 'carboxymethyl':493 'caus':202,283,734,768,803 'caution':579 'cdrs':206 'chang':134 'channel':557,778 'character':3,10,37 'charg':249,254,501,510 'check':651 'checklist':825 'chi':862 'chip':113,140,218,298 'choos':30,47,49 'clog':72 'close':891 'cm5':144 'cm7':145,217 'common':721 'comparison':933,937 'competit':497 'complet':670,846 'complex':58 'concentr':310,456,802,813,840 'condit':570,577,660,700 'conform':741 'consider':321 'consist':838,853 'consumpt':104 'contact':666,686 'continu':106,148,240 'control':568 'cost':109,114,117,120,123 'critic':446 'crowd':808 'crude':75,190 'cycl':243 'da':56 'damag':270 'data':27,823,910 'decis':44 'decreas':798 'degrad':238 'denatur':591 'densiti':235,360,383,405,755,817 'depend':641 'der':954 'detect':131 'deviat':861 'dextran':142,221,255,494 'dhvi':964 'dhvi.duke.edu':966 'dhvi.duke.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/spr%20experiment%20guide%20v1.3.pdf)':965 'differ':125,925 'diffus':329,397 'dip':100,180,307 'dip-and-read':99,179 'direct':786 'dispos':274,693 'dissoci':266,304,671,733,761,766 'distort':90,339 'distribut':858 'doesn':200,281 'drift':779,843 'duke':963 'duplicate/triplicate':851 'edta':635 'effect':454,685,743,795,809,986 'enough':314,334 'equilibrium':337,883,929 'error':875 'etc':146 'experi':11,18,111,961 'exponenti':355 'exposur':602,705 'express':312 'fab':751 'factor':46 'fast':82,303,333 'faster':908,916 'fiber':169 'filter':229 'filter/centrifuge':747 'first':611 'fit':439,756,854,888 'flag':895 'flat':835 'flow':107,147,178,241,364,387,417 'fluidic':73,96,228 'fold':887 'fragment':54,752,821 'general':467,718 'glycin':582,595,623,712 'gold':136,139 'gold/dextran':210 'guid':962 'guidanc':4 'guidelin':952 'harsh':600 'heterogen':736,739,758 'high':65,95,155,188,236,371,381,410,661,800 'high-affin':154,370,409 'high-throughput':187 'higher':79,105,115,118 'his-tag':431,636 'hook':794 'hydrolyz':619 'hydrophob':205,465,476,649 'immobil':430,787 'includ':437,554 'increas':308,316,416,423,764,788 'index':133 'inject':563,833,852 'instabl':237 'instead':353,784 'interact':373,509,599,608,650 'interfer':165 'interferometri':161 'interpret':25 'ionic':508,607 'kd':301,879,884,930 'kda':293 'keep':514 'key':124 'kinet':17,26,77,83,340,822,881,927,1027 'koff':874,907 'kon':91,344,349,356,374,872,896 'kon/koff':158 'kt':443 'larg':57,394,924 'leach':770 'least':518 'less':92,289,445 'ligand':234,271,359,382,404,436,559,592,617,652,678,738,754,769,816 'limit':324,601,900,983,1017 'linear':350 'load':318,415 'long':267 'longer':220 'low':62,98,311,870 'low-medium':61 'lower':84,108,112,121 'lysat':76 'm':377,605,647,903 'maintain':336 'mainten':94 'mass':85,223,319,322,367,440,898,984,1013,1015,1025 'mass-transf':1024 'master':1007 'match':882 'matrix':45,143 'matter':369 'maximum':920 'may':89,590 'measur':163 'mechan':130,162,203,284,457 'medium':63 'merw':955 'metal':640 'metal-depend':639 'mg/ml':463,496 'mgcl2':648 'microfluid':149,184 'mild':609 'mildest':659 'mismatch':250 'mitig':398,449 'mm':506,581,594,613,622,634,711 'model':442,759 'molecul':53,153 'monoval':750 'multipl':740 'nacl':503,606 'naoh':614 'near':526 'need':269,696 'negat':760 'neutral':539 'ni':175,644 'ni-nta':174,643 'nicoya':945,976,987,1009 'nicoyalife.com':947,978,989,1011 'nicoyalife.com/blog/3-ways-to-limit-mass-transfer-effects/)':988 'nicoyalife.com/blog/4-ways-reduce-non-specific-binding-spr/)':977 'nicoyalife.com/blog/biolayer-interferometry-vs-surface-plasmon-resonance/)':946 'nicoyalife.com/blog/regeneration-buffer-spr-experiment/)':1010 'nm':413 'non':565 'non-specif':564 'nonspecif':251,447 'nsb':973,992 'nta':176,645 'observ':343 'occur':325 'often':692 'omega':996 'optic':164,170 'optim':513 'order':576 'orient':429 'oxford':956 'parallel':68 'paramet':341 'pattern':166 'per':110 'ph':258,512,516,529,583,596,624,713 'phase':352,767 'pi':261,524,525,536,545 'plan':15 'plasmon':128 'platform':35,932 'pmc':1020 'pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov':1022 'pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmc4134667/)':1021 'poor/no':21 'precis':157 'prevent':473 'proper':831 'protein':484,502,511,535,544,588,589,620,630 'protein-protein':587 'protocol':655,950 'pubs.acs.org':998 'pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c05659)':997 'puriti':70 'qualiti':824,855 'random':857 'rang':814 'rank':452 'rate':365,388,418,730 'read':102,182 'reason':890 'rebind':806 'red':894 'reduc':233,403,507,753,811,815,972 'refer':551,556,777,792,829,931 'reference-subtract':828 'refract':132 'regener':268,569,572,654,695,720,847,1000,1002,1008 'repeat':680 'requir':71,915 'residu':856 'resolut':78 'reson':129 'retain':677 'return':672,848 'reus':698 'rmax':361,837,865,889,918 'rpm':427 'ru':385,407,868 'run':116,122 'sa':173 'salt':662 'sampl':69,103,191,230,735,748,917 'sartorius':938 'satur':805 'scout':573 'screen':193 'sensit':51,88,93,290 'serial':64 'shake':424 'shift':167,414 'shorter':242,704 'shortest':684 'show':834 'signal':23,315,763,797,871 'site':466 'skill' 'skill-binding-characterization' 'slight':548 'slow':265,386,396 'slower':346 'small':52,152,286 'smaller':819 'solut':204,285,724,746,780,810 'source-adaptyvbio' 'specif':489,566 'speed':425 'spr':6,32,38,41,48,126,199,209,227,277,295,393,401,499,571,702,936,944,949,951,960,975,1001,1019 'sprpage':1003,1028 'stabil':246,481,653 'stabl':616,629 'start':657 'strategi':399,400 'streptavidin':716 'stringenc':790 'strip':642 'strong':598 'subtract':552,793,830 'sucros':485 'suppress':807,991 'surfac':127,137,138,168,211,332,474,772,776,804 'symptom':342,727,762,796 'system':97 'systemat':842,860 'tag':433,638 'target':578 'test':664 'theoret':893,919 'throughput':60,189 'time':244,667,687 'tip':119,172,275,492,689,690,709,717 'toler':74 'topic-agent-skills' 'topic-claude-code' 'topic-protein-design' 'topic-protein-engineering' 'transfer':985,1026 'transport':86,224,320,323,368,441,899,1014,1016 'trehalos':247,478 'tri':574,610 'troubleshoot':20,194,968 'true':348 'tween':214,469 'two':729 'two-rat':728 'unit':520 'unstabl':483 'use':12,216,272,294,428,468,528,538,547,683,749,781,818 'usual':444 'valu':878 'van':953 'vari':357,362 'verifi':669,676 'vs':33,42,935,943 'way':970,981 'weak':299 'well':67 'within':885 'work':197,278 'www.path.ox.ac.uk':958 'www.path.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/spr-guidelines-1.pdf)':957 'www.sartorius.hr':940 'www.sartorius.hr/en/news/blog/bli-vs-spr-choosing-the-ideal-method-for-analyzing-biomolecular-interactions/)':939 'www.sprpages.nl':1005,1030 'www.sprpages.nl/data-fitting/kinetic-models/mass-transfer)':1029 'www.sprpages.nl/kinetics/regeneration)':1004 'μl':390,421 'μm':232","prices":[{"id":"b07e0a05-4f7e-4b2b-b3ef-be1479c5249e","listingId":"c8daef4e-07c0-49a0-bc9e-983237623c7d","amountUsd":"0","unit":"free","nativeCurrency":null,"nativeAmount":null,"chain":null,"payTo":null,"paymentMethod":"skill-free","isPrimary":true,"details":{"org":"adaptyvbio","category":"protein-design-skills","install_from":"skills.sh"},"createdAt":"2026-04-18T22:10:03.058Z"}],"sources":[{"listingId":"c8daef4e-07c0-49a0-bc9e-983237623c7d","source":"github","sourceId":"adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills/binding-characterization","sourceUrl":"https://github.com/adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills/tree/main/skills/binding-characterization","isPrimary":false,"firstSeenAt":"2026-04-18T22:10:03.058Z","lastSeenAt":"2026-05-02T12:54:48.195Z"}],"details":{"listingId":"c8daef4e-07c0-49a0-bc9e-983237623c7d","quickStartSnippet":null,"exampleRequest":null,"exampleResponse":null,"schema":null,"openapiUrl":null,"agentsTxtUrl":null,"citations":[],"useCases":[],"bestFor":[],"notFor":[],"kindDetails":{"org":"adaptyvbio","slug":"binding-characterization","github":{"repo":"adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills","stars":126,"topics":["agent-skills","claude-code","protein-design","protein-engineering"],"license":"mit","html_url":"https://github.com/adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills","pushed_at":"2026-01-19T13:06:29Z","description":"Claude Code skills for protein design","skill_md_sha":"146afaa25f2ebf542728595113c955d2d1e08036","skill_md_path":"skills/binding-characterization/SKILL.md","default_branch":"main","skill_tree_url":"https://github.com/adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills/tree/main/skills/binding-characterization"},"layout":"multi","source":"github","category":"protein-design-skills","frontmatter":{"name":"binding-characterization","license":"MIT","description":"Guidance for SPR and BLI binding characterization experiments. Use when: (1) Planning binding kinetics experiments, (2) Troubleshooting poor/no binding signal, (3) Interpreting kinetic data artifacts, (4) Choosing between SPR vs BLI platforms."},"skills_sh_url":"https://skills.sh/adaptyvbio/protein-design-skills/binding-characterization"},"updatedAt":"2026-05-02T12:54:48.195Z"}}